{"id":488,"date":"2021-06-28T14:38:04","date_gmt":"2021-06-28T12:38:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/graphonautedelespace.fr\/?p=488"},"modified":"2021-06-28T14:38:21","modified_gmt":"2021-06-28T12:38:21","slug":"episode-4-jwst-successeur-de-hubble-herschel-ou-spitzer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/graphonautedelespace.fr\/?p=488","title":{"rendered":"[EPISODE 4] JWST successeur de Hubble, Herschel ou Spitzer ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ background_color=”#FFFFFF” background_enable_image=”off” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”0px|||||”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” positioning=”none” position_origin_r=”top_right” z_index=”0″ width=”100%” max_width=”1902px” custom_padding=”0px|||||”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181214004530im_\/http:\/\/scenario-terre.space\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/banniere-S4-fb.jpg” title_text=”bannie\u0300re-S0-fbVF” force_fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ min_height__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Ligne” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_blurb title=”%91EPISODE 4%93 Exoplan\u00e8tes : le remake ?” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%103%%” icon_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.61)” use_circle=”on” circle_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.16)” use_icon_font_size=”on” icon_font_size=”30px” _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”Trebuchet|300|||||||” text_orientation=”center” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Trebuchet||||||||” text_text_color=”#FFFFFF” header_font=”Nasalization||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_text_color=”#ffffff” header_font_size=”50px” text_orientation=”center”]<\/p>\n

JWST successeur de Hubble, Herschel ou Spitzer ?
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[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#000000″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” width=”21%” module_alignment=”center”][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Trebuchet||||||||”]<\/p>\n

Le James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) est le prochain g\u00e9ant \u00e0 \u00eatre lanc\u00e9 dans l\u2019espace en 2019. C\u2019est un observatoire du rayonnement infrarouge du cosmos, des exoplan\u00e8tes aux premi\u00e8res lumi\u00e8res de l\u2019univers\u2026 Il succ\u00e9dera \u00e0 d\u2019autres g\u00e9ants : Hubble, Spitzer et Herschel.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les observatoires et instruments de mesure de l\u2019astronomie sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement classifi\u00e9s en fonction du rayonnement \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter : ondes radio, lumi\u00e8re visible, lumi\u00e8re infrarouge, rayonnements X et Gamma\u2026pour aller du rayonnement de faible intensit\u00e9 \u00e0 celui des hautes \u00e9nergies. L\u2019infrarouge est du c\u00f4t\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0froid\u00a0\u00bb du spectre, en de\u00e7\u00e0 du rouge du domaine visible. Les photons constituant le rayonnement \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique, autrement dit la lumi\u00e8re, apportent des informations en fonction de leur longueur d\u2019ondes et de leur \u00e9nergie. Les photons \u00ab\u00a0X ou Gamma\u00a0\u00bb nous donnent la position de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes intenses comme l\u2019interaction d\u2019un trou noir avec son environnement. Les photons \u00ab\u00a0infrarouges\u00a0\u00bb nous aident \u00e0 comprendre les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes en action dans la formation des \u00e9toiles et l\u2019assemblage des galaxies.<\/p>\n

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Flotte spatiale de l\u2019ESA en fonction de la lumi\u00e8re \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter. JWST se situe dans l\u2019infrarouge.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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La lumi\u00e8re infrarouge ne passe pas tr\u00e8s bien l\u2019\u00e9cran atmosph\u00e9rique de notre plan\u00e8te si bien qu\u2019il est n\u00e9cessaire de placer nos t\u00e9lescopes infrarouges en orbite dans l\u2019espace pour s\u2019en affranchir. C\u2019est la vapeur d\u2019eau qui absorbe ce rayonnement, une sorte d\u2019effet de serre \u00e0 l\u2019envers. Le dernier g\u00e9ant dans l\u2019espace fut l\u2019observatoire spatial Herschel de l\u2019Agence spatiale europ\u00e9enne (ESA). Il fonctionnait dans l\u2019infrarouge lointain (voir post sur Spitzer <\/a>sur la notion d\u2019infrarouge).
Avant lui, Spitzer se concentrait sur l\u2019infrarouge proche et moyen, avec une tentative \u00e0 basse r\u00e9solution sur l\u2019infrarouge lointain. Son miroir primaire de 80 cm de diam\u00e8tre ne lui permettait pas de voir avec suffisamment de pr\u00e9cision le rayonnement aux grandes longueurs d\u2019onde. Le t\u00e9lescope spatial Hubble, lanc\u00e9 en 1990, poss\u00e8de des d\u00e9tecteurs pour l\u2019infrarouge proche, mais aucun en infrarouge moyen comme Spitzer ou en infrarouge lointain comme Herschel.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_video src=”https:\/\/vimeo.com\/142871106″ _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.8.2″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Trebuchet||||||||” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Le JWST avec un miroir primaire de 6,5 m d\u2019envergue s\u2019attaquera aux domaines de l\u2019infrarouge proche et moyen, une sorte de mixte entre la r\u00e9solution de Hubble ou de Herschel et la vision infrarouge de Spitzer. Le mat\u00e9riau utilis\u00e9 pour le miroir primaire est le B\u00e9ryllium comme pour le miroir de Spitzer. Sur le plan scientifique, ses objectifs englobent ceux de Hubble pour les premi\u00e8res lumi\u00e8res de l\u2019univers, ceux de Spitzer et Herschel pour la compr\u00e9hension de la physique des galaxies, et enfin d\u00e9passent Spitzer pour l\u2019\u00e9tude des exoplan\u00e8tes.<\/p>\n

Comparaisons faites, JWST sera avant tout un unique observatoire, assurant un bond dans les performances et les d\u00e9couvertes scientifiques \u00e0 venir, en particulier sur les atmosph\u00e8res des exoplan\u00e8tes et dans l\u2019infrarouge moyen avec l\u2019instrument MIRI\u2026<\/p>\n

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par Vincent Minier<\/p>\n

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